diff --git a/docs/modules.md b/docs/modules.md
index 2a8433f..7d05580 100644
--- a/docs/modules.md
+++ b/docs/modules.md
@@ -49,7 +49,8 @@ boboko-test/
   app/
     Models/
       Customer.php      ← app-level model, extends Modules\Core\Customer\Models\Customer
-      User.php           ← app-level model, dispatches Modules\Core\Auth\Events\UserCreated
+      User.php           ← app-level model, no $dispatchesEvents needed — core dispatches
+                            UserCreated itself (Modules\Core\Auth\Services\UserOtpService)
       Staff.php          ← app-level model, extends Modules\Core\Auth\Models\Staff
     Lunar/
       Extensions/        ← app's own Filament resource extensions (source of truth, wired in PanelServiceProvider)
@@ -264,7 +265,14 @@ php artisan vendor:publish --tag=core-config
 'auto_create_customer_for_user' => false,
 ```
 
-Both listeners guard against the other direction re-triggering: they call `User::withoutEvents(...)` around `firstOrCreate`/save, so pairing a `Customer` never spuriously fires `UserCreated` (and vice versa) even if both directions are somehow active at once.
+A guard against the other direction re-triggering is only needed where a real risk exists:
+`App\Listeners\CreateUserForCustomerListener` (`boboko-test`, app-level) wraps its
+`firstOrCreate` in `User::withoutEvents(...)`, since finding-or-creating a `User` there could
+itself fire `UserCreated` and loop back into `CreateCustomerForUser`. `Modules\Core\Customer\
+Listeners\CreateCustomerForUser` (core) needs no such guard — it calls a plain
+`$model::create([])` on `Customer`, which has no `$dispatchesEvents`/model hooks of its own in
+core that could re-trigger anything; the guard belongs only on the side that actually creates a
+`User`.
 
 ---
 
diff --git a/src/Auth/Services/UserOtpService.php b/src/Auth/Services/UserOtpService.php
index 0b535b1..393d6b6 100644
--- a/src/Auth/Services/UserOtpService.php
+++ b/src/Auth/Services/UserOtpService.php
@@ -10,6 +10,7 @@ use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Mail;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\RateLimiter;
 use Modules\Core\Auth\Events\UserAuthenticated;
+use Modules\Core\Auth\Events\UserCreated;
 use Modules\Core\Auth\Exceptions\OtpThrottledException;
 use Modules\Core\Auth\Mail\UserOtpMail;
 
@@ -75,6 +76,18 @@ class UserOtpService
         $model = config('auth.providers.users.model');
         $user = $model::firstOrCreate(['email' => $email]);
 
+        // wasRecentlyCreated is Eloquent's own "did firstOrCreate() just
+        // INSERT, or did it find an existing row" flag — the only reliable
+        // way to tell them apart from firstOrCreate()'s return value alone.
+        // Without this check, a genuinely new signup never fired
+        // UserCreated at all (this class's own docblock claimed the
+        // Customer/User pairing cascade "already triggers" here, which was
+        // false as written — see Modules\Core\Customer\Listeners\
+        // CreateCustomerForUser, which depends entirely on this event).
+        if ($user->wasRecentlyCreated) {
+            Event::dispatch(new UserCreated($user));
+        }
+
         $code = str_pad((string) random_int(0, 999999), self::CODE_LENGTH, '0', STR_PAD_LEFT);
 
         $user->otp_code = $code;
diff --git a/src/Catalog/Listeners/ReindexProductsRecommendingProduct.php b/src/Catalog/Listeners/ReindexProductsRecommendingProduct.php
index 957cf2d..5358204 100644
--- a/src/Catalog/Listeners/ReindexProductsRecommendingProduct.php
+++ b/src/Catalog/Listeners/ReindexProductsRecommendingProduct.php
@@ -2,11 +2,17 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Catalog\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Lunar\Models\Product;
 use Modules\Core\Catalog\Events\ProductDeleted;
 use Modules\Core\Catalog\Events\ProductSaved;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — a Meilisearch filter query plus N reindex calls with no
+ * same-request reader; a few seconds of stale `recommendations` on a
+ * referencing product's storefront page is a cosmetic, not correctness,
+ * concern (see the class's own docblock below).
+ *
  * Keeps every product's embedded `recommendations` field (see
  * ProductIndexer) in sync when a product they recommend changes or is
  * removed. Unlike Modules\Core\Catalog\Observers\ProductOptionReindexObserver's
@@ -27,7 +33,7 @@ use Modules\Core\Catalog\Events\ProductSaved;
  * SCOUT_QUEUE is configured) reindex job per matched product — this
  * listener itself does no synchronous Meilisearch writing.
  */
-class ReindexProductsRecommendingProduct
+class ReindexProductsRecommendingProduct implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function handleSaved(ProductSaved $event): void
     {
diff --git a/src/Catalog/Services/StockService.php b/src/Catalog/Services/StockService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..edac9d3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Catalog/Services/StockService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,71 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Modules\Core\Catalog\Services;
+
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
+use Lunar\Models\Order;
+use Lunar\Models\Product;
+use Lunar\Models\ProductVariant;
+
+/**
+ * The one place ProductVariant::stock is written as a result of an order —
+ * previously this lived entirely inside Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\
+ * DecrementStockOnOrderPlaced, a listener with no Service behind it at
+ * all, even though stock (the column, its invariants — "never negative",
+ * "only in_stock variants") is fundamentally a Catalog concern, not an
+ * Order one. That listener is now a thin caller of this class, matching
+ * how every other module's event reaction delegates its actual write to
+ * a Service (e.g. Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\RecordPaymentTransaction
+ * -> Modules\Core\Order\Services\TransactionRecorder).
+ *
+ * Only decrements for `purchasable === 'in_stock'` variants — 'always' and
+ * 'backorder' variants are deliberately allowed to sell past (or without
+ * regard to) their stock count already (see ProductVariant::
+ * canBeFulfilledAtQuantity()), so decrementing their stock would just make
+ * that column an inaccurate, decreasingly-negative number with no purchasing
+ * consequence. Only `OrderLine::type === 'physical'` lines are considered —
+ * a digital line has no stock to decrement (ProductVariant::getType()).
+ *
+ * A single UPDATE per variant (`DB::table(...)->update()` with a raw
+ * expression), not a read-then-write on the Eloquent model — avoids a
+ * lost-update race between two orders decrementing the same variant
+ * concurrently, and skips Modules\Core\Catalog\Services\ProductIndexer::
+ * stock's staleness gap for the DB value itself even though the search
+ * index still only refreshes on the next reindex event/nightly job (see
+ * that class's own docblock).
+ *
+ * Never lets stock go negative (`GREATEST(stock - qty, 0)` via a raw
+ * expression) — an order can still be placed against a variant whose stock
+ * was already fully consumed by another concurrent order (Lunar has no
+ * stock-reservation step at cart/checkout time), so this is a best-effort
+ * count, not a hard inventory guarantee.
+ */
+class StockService
+{
+    public function decrementForOrder(Order $order): void
+    {
+        $lines = $order->lines()
+            ->where('type', 'physical')
+            ->where('purchasable_type', ProductVariant::morphName())
+            ->get(['purchasable_id', 'quantity']);
+
+        if ($lines->isEmpty()) {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        foreach ($lines as $line) {
+            DB::table((new ProductVariant())->getTable())
+                ->where('id', $line->purchasable_id)
+                ->where('purchasable', 'in_stock')
+                ->update([
+                    'stock' => DB::raw('GREATEST(stock - '.(int) $line->quantity.', 0)'),
+                ]);
+        }
+
+        $productIds = ProductVariant::whereIn('id', $lines->pluck('purchasable_id'))
+            ->pluck('product_id')
+            ->unique();
+
+        Product::whereIn('id', $productIds)->get()->each->searchable();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Customer/Listeners/CreateCustomerForUser.php b/src/Customer/Listeners/CreateCustomerForUser.php
index 64adf0d..46b6338 100644
--- a/src/Customer/Listeners/CreateCustomerForUser.php
+++ b/src/Customer/Listeners/CreateCustomerForUser.php
@@ -6,6 +6,19 @@ use Lunar\Facades\ModelManifest;
 use Lunar\Models\Contracts\Customer as CustomerContract;
 use Modules\Core\Auth\Events\UserCreated;
 
+/**
+ * Deliberately NOT queued, even though UserCreated (requesting an OTP
+ * code) and the login that follows it (submitting the code) are normally
+ * separate requests with a real time gap between them — that gap is not
+ * a guarantee this code controls. A busy/backed-up queue (a deploy in
+ * progress, a crashed worker, a traffic spike) could make this job run
+ * AFTER the shopper has already logged in and something has read
+ * $user->latestCustomer() (Modules\Core\Customer\Services\
+ * CustomerAccountService), silently returning null for a legitimately
+ * paired user with no retry anywhere to catch it. Kept synchronous so the
+ * Customer always exists by the time UserCreated's dispatch call returns,
+ * regardless of queue health.
+ */
 class CreateCustomerForUser
 {
     public function handle(UserCreated $event): void
diff --git a/src/Customer/Listeners/LogCustomerAccountActivity.php b/src/Customer/Listeners/LogCustomerAccountActivity.php
index 1a7e4d0..68da2fc 100644
--- a/src/Customer/Listeners/LogCustomerAccountActivity.php
+++ b/src/Customer/Listeners/LogCustomerAccountActivity.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Customer\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Lunar\Models\Address;
 use Modules\Core\Customer\Events\CustomerAddressCreated;
 use Modules\Core\Customer\Events\CustomerAddressDeleted;
@@ -18,8 +19,11 @@ use Modules\Core\Logging\ActivityLogService;
  * passed through explicitly on every call, since these events are
  * `web`-guard-caused, not `staff`-guard — see ActivityLogService's own
  * docblock for why that parameter exists.
+ *
+ * Queued — a pure audit-log write with no same-request reader; the
+ * shopper's own request doesn't need this to complete before responding.
  */
-class LogCustomerAccountActivity
+class LogCustomerAccountActivity implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly ActivityLogService $activityLog,
diff --git a/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushLanguageCache.php b/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushLanguageCache.php
index e79016c..8b01dc2 100644
--- a/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushLanguageCache.php
+++ b/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushLanguageCache.php
@@ -2,12 +2,21 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Localization\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\LanguageCreated;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\LanguageDeleted;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\LanguageUpdated;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Services\LanguageCache;
 
-class FlushLanguageCache
+/**
+ * Queued — the only reader of this cache is Modules\Core\Localization\
+ * Middleware\LocaleMiddleware on a LATER storefront request, never the
+ * same admin request that edited/created/deleted the Language row (that
+ * request redirects to a fresh page read straight from the DB, not this
+ * cache). A few seconds of eventual consistency before the queue worker
+ * picks this up is an acceptable trade for not blocking the admin save.
+ */
+class FlushLanguageCache implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(private readonly LanguageCache $languages) {}
 
diff --git a/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushTranslationCache.php b/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushTranslationCache.php
index 4b9d6ca..0ed81f0 100644
--- a/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushTranslationCache.php
+++ b/src/Localization/Listeners/FlushTranslationCache.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Localization\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\TranslationCreated;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\TranslationDeleted;
@@ -15,8 +16,13 @@ use Spatie\TranslationLoader\LanguageLine;
  * `group`/`key` (the old group's cached array never gets told a row left it).
  * This listener flushes every group+locale combination touched by either the
  * old or new state so nothing can remain stale.
+ *
+ * Queued — this cache backs `__('storefront.*')` lookups on a LATER
+ * storefront request, never the same admin request that just edited the
+ * translation (Filament redirects to a fresh index read straight from the
+ * DB, not this cache). Safe to let a queue worker pick up.
  */
-class FlushTranslationCache
+class FlushTranslationCache implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function handle(TranslationCreated|TranslationUpdated|TranslationDeleted $event): void
     {
diff --git a/src/Localization/Listeners/LogTranslationActivity.php b/src/Localization/Listeners/LogTranslationActivity.php
index 3a83b7b..31129b4 100644
--- a/src/Localization/Listeners/LogTranslationActivity.php
+++ b/src/Localization/Listeners/LogTranslationActivity.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Localization\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Illuminate\Support\Arr;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\TranslationCreated;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\TranslationDeleted;
@@ -9,7 +10,12 @@ use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\TranslationUpdated;
 use Modules\Core\Logging\ActivityLogService;
 use Spatie\TranslationLoader\LanguageLine;
 
-class LogTranslationActivity
+/**
+ * Queued — a pure audit-log write with no same-request reader (Filament
+ * redirects to a fresh index page after save, which doesn't read the
+ * activity log at all).
+ */
+class LogTranslationActivity implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly ActivityLogService $activityLog,
diff --git a/src/Localization/Listeners/MigrateTranslationsForRenamedLanguage.php b/src/Localization/Listeners/MigrateTranslationsForRenamedLanguage.php
index 046fd23..ca90713 100644
--- a/src/Localization/Listeners/MigrateTranslationsForRenamedLanguage.php
+++ b/src/Localization/Listeners/MigrateTranslationsForRenamedLanguage.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Localization\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Cache;
 use Modules\Core\Localization\Events\LanguageUpdated;
 use Spatie\TranslationLoader\LanguageLine;
@@ -12,8 +13,15 @@ use Spatie\TranslationLoader\LanguageLine;
  * getTranslationsForGroup($newCode, ...) would silently return nothing for
  * that locale even though the translated content still exists. Move the
  * text.{oldCode} key to text.{newCode} on every affected row instead.
+ *
+ * Queued — this walks every LanguageLine row containing the old locale key
+ * with no upper bound, and nothing in the same request needs the migration
+ * to have completed before responding (a rename is a rare admin action;
+ * the affected storefront locale is briefly unavailable until the queue
+ * worker finishes, the same window that already exists before this
+ * listener runs at all).
  */
-class MigrateTranslationsForRenamedLanguage
+class MigrateTranslationsForRenamedLanguage implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function handle(LanguageUpdated $event): void
     {
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint.php b/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint.php
index e5451bc..641a481 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint.php
@@ -2,12 +2,19 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderDispatched;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusFlow;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
 use Modules\Core\Shipping\Enums\TrackingStatus;
 use Modules\Core\Shipping\Events\ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — see Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment's
+ * own docblock: ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier comes from a scheduled
+ * polling job, not a webhook, so nothing needs this to complete before a
+ * request returns.
+ *
  * The automatic half of "Dispatched" — the manual fallback is the staff
  * "Update Status" action (Modules\Core\Shipping\Extensions\
  * OrderViewExtension). Listens to ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier directly,
@@ -19,14 +26,17 @@ use Modules\Core\Shipping\Events\ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier;
  * carrier that skips straight there without a distinct collection
  * checkpoint.
  *
- * Guarded to only fire from 'ready_for_dispatch' — a late/duplicate
- * checkpoint, or an order the manual action already advanced, is a
- * silent no-op.
+ * Guarded by OrderStatusFlow::isValidTransition() rather than a hardcoded
+ * "only fire from 'ready_for_dispatch'" comparison — the single source of
+ * truth for the status graph lives there, not duplicated here. A
+ * late/duplicate checkpoint, or an order the manual action already
+ * advanced, is a silent no-op either way.
  */
-class AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint
+class AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly OrderStatusWriter $writer,
+        private readonly OrderStatusFlow $flow,
     ) {}
 
     public function handle(ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier $event): void
@@ -38,7 +48,7 @@ class AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint
 
         $order = $event->shipmentInfo->shipment->order;
 
-        if (! $order || $order->status !== 'ready_for_dispatch') {
+        if (! $order || ! $this->flow->isValidTransition($order, 'dispatched')) {
             return;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered.php b/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered.php
index 1ca6e9b..cebfb52 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered.php
@@ -2,10 +2,18 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderDelivered;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusFlow;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — OrderDelivered is only ever dispatched from Modules\Core\Order\
+ * Listeners\DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment, itself queued (see that
+ * class's own docblock: the triggering ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier
+ * comes from a scheduled polling job, not a request with a page waiting
+ * on the result).
+ *
  * Writes `status` to 'delivered' once a carrier confirms delivery, rather
  * than jumping straight to 'completed'. Carrier orders get a return
  * window between delivery and completion (see Modules\Core\Order\
@@ -20,21 +28,23 @@ use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
  * OrderDelivered — deriving "was this delivered" and acting on it by
  * writing `status` are deliberately two different listeners.
  *
- * Guarded to only fire from 'dispatched' — a duplicate/late Delivered
+ * Guarded by OrderStatusFlow::isValidTransition() rather than a hardcoded
+ * "only fire from 'dispatched'" comparison. A duplicate/late Delivered
  * checkpoint, or an order a manual action already moved past, is a
- * silent no-op.
+ * silent no-op either way.
  */
-class AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered
+class AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly OrderStatusWriter $writer,
+        private readonly OrderStatusFlow $flow,
     ) {}
 
     public function handle(OrderDelivered $event): void
     {
         $order = $event->order;
 
-        if ($order->status !== 'dispatched') {
+        if (! $this->flow->isValidTransition($order, 'delivered')) {
             return;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus.php b/src/Order/Listeners/ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus.php
index 28d6524..9683e54 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus.php
@@ -2,13 +2,8 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
 use Lunar\Models\Order;
-use Modules\Core\Checkout\Events\OrderPlaced;
-use Modules\Core\Order\Enums\PaymentStatus;
-use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusFlow;
-use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
-use Modules\Core\Order\Support\OrderStatus;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderPaymentResolutionService;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentAuthorized;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentCaptured;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentRefunded;
@@ -17,38 +12,24 @@ use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentRefunded;
  * Registered against PaymentCaptured, PaymentAuthorized, AND
  * PaymentRefunded (see OrderServiceProvider).
  *
- * PaymentCaptured writes both Order::paid/paid_at (via
- * OrderStatusWriter::markPaid()) AND advances `status` out of
- * 'awaiting_payment' to the next step in the order's flow (see
- * OrderStatusFlow::nextOptions()) — re-confirmed with the user: a
- * captured payment, manual or via Stripe's webhook, should never leave an
- * order sitting at 'awaiting_payment'. Only fires when status is still
- * exactly 'awaiting_payment', so a duplicate/delayed capture event never
- * regresses an order staff already advanced further. PaymentAuthorized
- * only marks paid — an authorization is not yet captured funds, so
- * status stays put until the actual capture.
- *
- * A refund still moves `status` (returned -> refunded/partially_refunded)
- * — refunds are a normal step in Modules\Core\Order\Services\
- * OrderStatusFlow's own sequence, unlike captures. Derives
- * Refunded/PartialRefund from Modules\Core\Order\Support\OrderStatus::
- * payment() — the existing, unchanged derived-enum logic, reused rather
- * than reimplemented.
- *
- * Reads $event->context['order_id'] to find which Order this outcome
- * belongs to — Payment has no concept of an Order.
- *
- * Dispatches Checkout\Events\OrderPlaced itself, once placed_at is set.
- * Never fires from the PaymentRefunded path — a refund can only ever
- * happen after an order was already placed.
+ * A thin reactor — resolves which Order this outcome belongs to (Payment
+ * has no concept of an Order, so this reads $event->context['order_id'])
+ * and hands off to Modules\Core\Order\Services\
+ * OrderPaymentResolutionService for the actual decisions: whether to mark
+ * the order paid, whether/how far to advance `status`, and what a refund
+ * does to it. See that service's own docblock, and its methods' own
+ * docblocks, for the full business reasoning (re-confirmed with the
+ * user): a captured payment, manual or via Stripe's webhook, should
+ * never leave an order sitting at 'awaiting_payment'; an authorization
+ * only marks paid, since it isn't yet captured funds; a refund is a
+ * normal step in the order's own status sequence, unlike a capture.
  *
  * Deliberately does NOT react to PaymentVoided.
  */
 class ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus
 {
     public function __construct(
-        private readonly OrderStatusWriter $writer,
-        private readonly OrderStatusFlow $flow,
+        private readonly OrderPaymentResolutionService $resolution,
     ) {}
 
     public function handle(PaymentCaptured|PaymentAuthorized|PaymentRefunded $event): void
@@ -62,58 +43,11 @@ class ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus
         $order = Order::findOrFail($orderId);
 
         if ($event instanceof PaymentRefunded) {
-            $this->applyRefund($order, $event);
+            $this->resolution->resolveRefund($order, $event::class);
 
             return;
         }
 
-        $wasPlaced = ! blank($order->placed_at);
-
-        $this->writer->markPaid($order, $event::class);
-
-        if ($event instanceof PaymentCaptured) {
-            $this->advancePastAwaitingPayment($order, $event);
-        }
-
-        if (! $wasPlaced) {
-            $order->update(['placed_at' => $order->placed_at ?? now()]);
-            Event::dispatch(new OrderPlaced($order));
-        }
-    }
-
-    private function advancePastAwaitingPayment(Order $order, PaymentCaptured $event): void
-    {
-        if ($order->status !== 'awaiting_payment') {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        $next = $this->flow->nextOptions($order);
-        $target = array_key_first($next);
-
-        if ($target !== null) {
-            $this->writer->write($order, $target, $event::class);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /**
-     * Requires the refund Transaction row to already exist (Modules\Core\
-     * Order\Listeners\RecordPaymentTransaction must run first — see
-     * OrderServiceProvider's listener registration order for
-     * PaymentRefunded), so the relation is refreshed here rather than
-     * trusted from a possibly-stale $order instance.
-     */
-    private function applyRefund(Order $order, PaymentRefunded $event): void
-    {
-        $order->load('transactions');
-
-        $target = match (OrderStatus::payment($order)) {
-            PaymentStatus::Refunded => 'refunded',
-            PaymentStatus::PartialRefund => 'partially_refunded',
-            default => null,
-        };
-
-        if ($target !== null && $order->status !== $target) {
-            $this->writer->write($order, $target, $event::class);
-        }
+        $this->resolution->resolveCaptureOrAuthorization($order, $event::class, isCapture: $event instanceof PaymentCaptured);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/CompleteOrderOnPickedUp.php b/src/Order/Listeners/CompleteOrderOnPickedUp.php
index 581a9e3..911d3c9 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/CompleteOrderOnPickedUp.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/CompleteOrderOnPickedUp.php
@@ -4,9 +4,19 @@ namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderCompleted;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderPickedUp;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusFlow;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
 
 /**
+ * Deliberately NOT queued — OrderPickedUp is dispatched from a staff
+ * Filament action (see OrderFulfillmentService::markPickedUp()), and the
+ * page staff are looking at needs to show `status` as 'completed'
+ * immediately after they click, not still 'picked_up' until a queue
+ * worker catches up. Unlike ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier's listeners
+ * (queued — dispatched from a scheduled polling job with no page waiting
+ * on the result), this one has a real same-request/same-page-load
+ * dependency.
+ *
  * The store-pickup mirror of AdvanceFulfillmentOnDelivered — reacts to
  * OrderPickedUp (dispatched by Modules\Core\Order\Services\
  * OrderFulfillmentService::markPickedUp() the moment staff confirm the
@@ -15,20 +25,22 @@ use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
  * business design — unlike the carrier branch, there is no 'delivered'
  * intermediate value on this path.
  *
- * Guarded to only fire from 'picked_up' — a duplicate dispatch (e.g. a
- * stale page re-submitting the action) is a silent no-op.
+ * Guarded by OrderStatusFlow::isValidTransition() rather than a hardcoded
+ * "only fire from 'picked_up'" comparison. A duplicate dispatch (e.g. a
+ * stale page re-submitting the action) is a silent no-op either way.
  */
 class CompleteOrderOnPickedUp
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly OrderStatusWriter $writer,
+        private readonly OrderStatusFlow $flow,
     ) {}
 
     public function handle(OrderPickedUp $event): void
     {
         $order = $event->order;
 
-        if ($order->status !== 'picked_up') {
+        if (! $this->flow->isValidTransition($order, 'completed')) {
             return;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/DecrementStockOnOrderPlaced.php b/src/Order/Listeners/DecrementStockOnOrderPlaced.php
index 67e497f..6429200 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/DecrementStockOnOrderPlaced.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/DecrementStockOnOrderPlaced.php
@@ -2,63 +2,38 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
-use Illuminate\Support\Facades\DB;
-use Lunar\Models\Product;
-use Lunar\Models\ProductVariant;
+use Modules\Core\Catalog\Services\StockService;
 use Modules\Core\Checkout\Events\OrderPlaced;
 
 /**
- * The only place ProductVariant::stock is written as a result of an order —
- * fires once per order regardless of capture_mode/driver, same reasoning as
- * Modules\Core\Order\Notifications\OrderPlacedNotification: OrderPlaced is
- * dispatched exactly once, from the one place an order's placed_at
- * actually gets set (Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus),
- * so this can't double-decrement across a capture/authorize/refund sequence
- * the way listening to PaymentCaptured directly could.
+ * Deliberately NOT queued — unlike this codebase's other queued side
+ * effects (cache flushes, audit logs, search reindexes), a stalled queue
+ * here isn't just cosmetic staleness: it widens the window in which
+ * another order can be accepted against stock this order already
+ * committed (Lunar has no stock-reservation step at checkout time to
+ * begin with — see StockService's own "Never lets stock go negative"
+ * note — so some oversell race already exists, but a queue stall of
+ * minutes/hours extends that window far past the sub-millisecond one a
+ * synchronous write leaves open). StockService's atomic `GREATEST(stock -
+ * qty, 0)` SQL still protects against a LOST update between two orders
+ * decrementing the same variant concurrently; running it synchronously
+ * keeps the exposure window as small as possible on top of that.
  *
- * Only decrements for `purchasable === 'in_stock'` variants — 'always' and
- * 'backorder' variants are deliberately allowed to sell past (or without
- * regard to) their stock count already (see ProductVariant::
- * canBeFulfilledAtQuantity()), so decrementing their stock would just make
- * that column an inaccurate, decreasingly-negative number with no purchasing
- * consequence. Only `OrderLine::type === 'physical'` lines are considered —
- * a digital line has no stock to decrement (ProductVariant::getType()).
- *
- * A single UPDATE per variant (`DB::table(...)->decrement()`), not a
- * read-then-write on the Eloquent model — avoids a lost-update race between
- * two orders decrementing the same variant concurrently, and skips
- * Modules\Core\Catalog\Services\ProductIndexer::stock's staleness gap for
- * the DB value itself even though the search index still only refreshes on
- * the next reindex event/nightly job (see that class's own docblock).
- *
- * Never lets stock go negative (`GREATEST(stock - qty, 0)` via a raw
- * expression) — an order can still be placed against a variant whose stock
- * was already fully consumed by another concurrent order (Lunar has no
- * stock-reservation step at cart/checkout time), so this is a best-effort
- * count, not a hard inventory guarantee.
+ * The actual decrement logic lives in Modules\Core\Catalog\Services\
+ * StockService — stock (the column, its invariants) is a Catalog concern,
+ * not an Order one; this listener is just the "an order was placed"
+ * trigger. Fires once per order regardless of capture_mode/driver, same
+ * reasoning as Modules\Core\Order\Notifications\OrderPlacedNotification:
+ * OrderPlaced is dispatched exactly once, from the one place an order's
+ * placed_at actually gets set (Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\
+ * ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus), so this can't double-decrement across a
+ * capture/authorize/refund sequence the way listening to PaymentCaptured
+ * directly could.
  */
 class DecrementStockOnOrderPlaced
 {
     public function handle(OrderPlaced $event): void
     {
-        $lines = $event->order->lines()
-            ->where('type', 'physical')
-            ->where('purchasable_type', ProductVariant::morphName())
-            ->get(['purchasable_id', 'quantity']);
-
-        foreach ($lines as $line) {
-            DB::table((new ProductVariant())->getTable())
-                ->where('id', $line->purchasable_id)
-                ->where('purchasable', 'in_stock')
-                ->update([
-                    'stock' => DB::raw('GREATEST(stock - '.(int) $line->quantity.', 0)'),
-                ]);
-        }
-
-        $productIds = ProductVariant::whereIn('id', $lines->pluck('purchasable_id'))
-            ->pluck('product_id')
-            ->unique();
-
-        Product::whereIn('id', $productIds)->get()->each->searchable();
+        app(StockService::class)->decrementForOrder($event->order);
     }
 }
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment.php b/src/Order/Listeners/DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment.php
index 582431f..d7d5672 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment.php
@@ -2,17 +2,23 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderDelivered;
 use Modules\Core\Shipping\Enums\TrackingStatus;
 use Modules\Core\Shipping\Events\ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier is dispatched from
+ * Modules\Core\Shipping\Jobs\PollShipmentTrackingJob, a scheduled job with
+ * no HTTP request waiting on a response, so there is no same-request
+ * timing pressure for any of this event's listeners (unlike a webhook).
+ *
  * Translates a carrier tracking checkpoint into OrderDelivered — the event
  * OrderDeliveredNotification (via NotificationRegistry) actually listens
  * to. Kept separate from the notification itself so the "is this checkpoint
  * a delivery" filtering doesn't leak into notification code.
  */
-class DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment
+class DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function handle(ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier $event): void
     {
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint.php b/src/Order/Listeners/MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint.php
index 96cab9f..460be03 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint.php
@@ -2,20 +2,28 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusFlow;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter;
 use Modules\Core\Shipping\Enums\TrackingStatus;
 use Modules\Core\Shipping\Events\ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — see Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\DeriveOrderDeliveredFromShipment's
+ * own docblock: ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier comes from a scheduled
+ * polling job, not a webhook.
+ *
  * Wires TrackingStatus::Failed to the 'delivery_failed' status for the
- * first time — previously an unused enum case. Guarded to only fire from
- * 'dispatched': a stale/duplicate checkpoint, or an order a manual action
- * already moved past, is a silent no-op.
+ * first time — previously an unused enum case. Guarded by
+ * OrderStatusFlow::isValidTransition() rather than a hardcoded "only fire
+ * from 'dispatched'" comparison. A stale/duplicate checkpoint, or an
+ * order a manual action already moved past, is a silent no-op either way.
  */
-class MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint
+class MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly OrderStatusWriter $writer,
+        private readonly OrderStatusFlow $flow,
     ) {}
 
     public function handle(ShipmentStatusUpdatedByCarrier $event): void
@@ -26,7 +34,7 @@ class MarkDeliveryFailedOnCarrierCheckpoint
 
         $order = $event->shipmentInfo->shipment->order;
 
-        if (! $order || $order->status !== 'dispatched') {
+        if (! $order || ! $this->flow->isValidTransition($order, 'delivery_failed')) {
             return;
         }
 
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/RecordPaymentTransaction.php b/src/Order/Listeners/RecordPaymentTransaction.php
index ae88025..c75390d 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/RecordPaymentTransaction.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/RecordPaymentTransaction.php
@@ -10,6 +10,17 @@ use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentRefunded;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentVoided;
 
 /**
+ * Deliberately NOT queued, despite looking like a pure audit-trail write
+ * with no same-request reader — Modules\Core\Providers\
+ * OrderServiceProvider registers this to run BEFORE
+ * Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus for
+ * PaymentRefunded specifically, because that listener's refund-status
+ * resolution reads the Transaction row this listener just wrote. Queueing
+ * this would run it asynchronously while ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus (sync)
+ * proceeds immediately, almost certainly executing before the queued job
+ * and silently breaking that read. See OrderServiceProvider's own
+ * registration-order comment.
+ *
  * Writes the Transaction row for a successful payment outcome — the
  * "record what happened" half of reacting to Payment's events, separate
  * from Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus's "update
diff --git a/src/Order/Listeners/RecordStatusTransition.php b/src/Order/Listeners/RecordStatusTransition.php
index bb70d21..19bbc51 100644
--- a/src/Order/Listeners/RecordStatusTransition.php
+++ b/src/Order/Listeners/RecordStatusTransition.php
@@ -2,11 +2,16 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Order\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderPaidChanged;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Events\OrderStatusChanged;
 use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusTransitionRecorder;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — a pure history-log write with no same-request reader anywhere
+ * in the codebase (no Filament page renders order_status_transitions
+ * immediately after a status change; it's browsed later, if at all).
+ *
  * The one place order_status_transitions rows actually get written —
  * listens to OrderStatusChanged (every write of the single `status`
  * column, via Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusWriter::write()) and
@@ -15,7 +20,7 @@ use Modules\Core\Order\Services\OrderStatusTransitionRecorder;
  * one consistent audit trail entry ('paid', with a null from_status)
  * rather than a second, separate table.
  */
-class RecordStatusTransition
+class RecordStatusTransition implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly OrderStatusTransitionRecorder $recorder,
diff --git a/src/Order/Services/OrderPaymentResolutionService.php b/src/Order/Services/OrderPaymentResolutionService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5efdb27
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Order/Services/OrderPaymentResolutionService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Modules\Core\Order\Services;
+
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
+use Lunar\Models\Order;
+use Modules\Core\Checkout\Events\OrderPlaced;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Enums\PaymentStatus;
+use Modules\Core\Order\Support\OrderStatus;
+
+/**
+ * The actual business decisions behind reacting to a payment outcome —
+ * previously these lived entirely inside Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\
+ * ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus, a listener with no Service behind it, even
+ * though "should this order be marked paid," "should its status advance,
+ * and to what," and "what does a refund do to status" are all genuine
+ * decisions about Order state, not side effects of Payment's own events.
+ * That listener is now a thin reactor: extract the order id from
+ * $event->context, load the Order, call this service, done.
+ *
+ * See ApplyResolvedPaymentStatus's own docblock for the full business
+ * reasoning (re-confirmed with the user) behind each rule enforced here —
+ * this class only re-documents what's specific to the decision logic
+ * itself, not the "why" already recorded there.
+ */
+class OrderPaymentResolutionService
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        private readonly OrderStatusWriter $writer,
+        private readonly OrderStatusFlow $flow,
+    ) {}
+
+    /**
+     * A captured or authorized payment: marks the order paid (capture
+     * only — an authorization is not yet captured funds), advances status
+     * out of 'awaiting_payment' (capture only), and marks the order
+     * placed if this is the first payment outcome it's seen.
+     */
+    public function resolveCaptureOrAuthorization(Order $order, string $causeClass, bool $isCapture): void
+    {
+        $wasPlaced = ! blank($order->placed_at);
+
+        $this->writer->markPaid($order, $causeClass);
+
+        if ($isCapture) {
+            $this->advancePastAwaitingPayment($order, $causeClass);
+        }
+
+        if (! $wasPlaced) {
+            $order->update(['placed_at' => $order->placed_at ?? now()]);
+            Event::dispatch(new OrderPlaced($order));
+        }
+    }
+
+    /**
+     * Requires the refund Transaction row to already exist (Modules\Core\
+     * Order\Listeners\RecordPaymentTransaction must run first — see
+     * OrderServiceProvider's listener registration order for
+     * PaymentRefunded), so the relation is refreshed here rather than
+     * trusted from a possibly-stale $order instance.
+     */
+    public function resolveRefund(Order $order, string $causeClass): void
+    {
+        $order->load('transactions');
+
+        $target = match (OrderStatus::payment($order)) {
+            PaymentStatus::Refunded => 'refunded',
+            PaymentStatus::PartialRefund => 'partially_refunded',
+            default => null,
+        };
+
+        if ($target !== null && $order->status !== $target) {
+            $this->writer->write($order, $target, $causeClass);
+        }
+    }
+
+    private function advancePastAwaitingPayment(Order $order, string $causeClass): void
+    {
+        if ($order->status !== 'awaiting_payment') {
+            return;
+        }
+
+        $next = $this->flow->nextOptions($order);
+        $target = array_key_first($next);
+
+        if ($target !== null) {
+            $this->writer->write($order, $target, $causeClass);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/src/Order/Services/OrderStatusFlow.php b/src/Order/Services/OrderStatusFlow.php
index daa4ed5..763289c 100644
--- a/src/Order/Services/OrderStatusFlow.php
+++ b/src/Order/Services/OrderStatusFlow.php
@@ -133,6 +133,22 @@ class OrderStatusFlow
         return ! $order->paid && $this->isCod($order);
     }
 
+    /**
+     * Whether moving $order to $to is a valid transition from its CURRENT
+     * status — the single source of truth for "is this a legal next step,"
+     * so a caller reacting to an external event (a carrier tracking
+     * checkpoint, a staff action) doesn't need to hardcode its own "only
+     * fire from status X" guard duplicating what nextOptions() already
+     * knows. See e.g. Modules\Core\Order\Listeners\
+     * AdvanceFulfillmentOnCarrierCheckpoint, which used to compare
+     * $order->status to a literal 'ready_for_dispatch' inline instead of
+     * asking this class.
+     */
+    public function isValidTransition(Order $order, string $to): bool
+    {
+        return array_key_exists($to, $this->nextOptions($order));
+    }
+
     private function label(string $status): string
     {
         return (string) str($status)->replace('_', ' ')->title();
diff --git a/src/Payment/Listeners/LogPaymentMethodActivity.php b/src/Payment/Listeners/LogPaymentMethodActivity.php
index dea4871..ba34704 100644
--- a/src/Payment/Listeners/LogPaymentMethodActivity.php
+++ b/src/Payment/Listeners/LogPaymentMethodActivity.php
@@ -2,6 +2,7 @@
 
 namespace Modules\Core\Payment\Listeners;
 
+use Illuminate\Contracts\Queue\ShouldQueue;
 use Modules\Core\Logging\ActivityLogService;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentMethodCreated;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentMethodDeleted;
@@ -9,6 +10,8 @@ use Modules\Core\Payment\Events\PaymentMethodUpdated;
 use Modules\Core\Payment\Models\PaymentMethod;
 
 /**
+ * Queued — a pure audit-log write with no same-request reader.
+ *
  * Same pattern as Localization\Listeners\LogTranslationActivity — routes
  * PaymentMethodService's own events through the existing
  * Logging\ActivityLogService instead of PaymentMethod separately opting
@@ -29,7 +32,7 @@ use Modules\Core\Payment\Models\PaymentMethod;
  * forcing into a one-subject shape or adding a new method to the shared
  * service for.
  */
-class LogPaymentMethodActivity
+class LogPaymentMethodActivity implements ShouldQueue
 {
     public function __construct(
         private readonly ActivityLogService $activityLog,
diff --git a/src/Review/Events/ReviewReplied.php b/src/Review/Events/ReviewReplied.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5ec2099
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Review/Events/ReviewReplied.php
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Modules\Core\Review\Events;
+
+use Modules\Core\Auth\Models\Staff;
+use Modules\Core\Review\Models\ProductReview;
+
+/**
+ * Dispatched whenever staff post or edit a reply to a review (see
+ * Modules\Core\Review\Services\ReviewService::reply()) — previously this
+ * happened with no event at all, so nothing could react to it (no audit
+ * trail, no "notify the reviewer their review got a reply" hook).
+ *
+ * $wasReply distinguishes a brand-new reply from an edit to an existing
+ * one — a listener building an audit trail or notification may care which
+ * happened (e.g. only notify the reviewer the first time, not on every
+ * subsequent edit).
+ */
+class ReviewReplied
+{
+    public function __construct(
+        public readonly ProductReview $review,
+        public readonly Staff $repliedBy,
+        public readonly bool $wasReply,
+    ) {}
+}
diff --git a/src/Review/Filament/Pages/ManageProductReviews.php b/src/Review/Filament/Pages/ManageProductReviews.php
index 2ee43bf..1775b1c 100644
--- a/src/Review/Filament/Pages/ManageProductReviews.php
+++ b/src/Review/Filament/Pages/ManageProductReviews.php
@@ -13,11 +13,11 @@ use Filament\Forms\Components\Textarea;
 use Filament\Forms\Components\TextInput;
 use Filament\Tables\Columns\TextColumn;
 use Filament\Tables\Table;
-use Illuminate\Support\Carbon;
 use Illuminate\Support\HtmlString;
 use Lunar\Admin\Filament\Resources\ProductResource;
 use Lunar\Admin\Support\Pages\BaseManageRelatedRecords;
 use Modules\Core\Review\Models\ProductReview;
+use Modules\Core\Review\Services\ReviewService;
 
 class ManageProductReviews extends BaseManageRelatedRecords
 {
@@ -139,10 +139,7 @@ class ManageProductReviews extends BaseManageRelatedRecords
                     ])
                     ->fillForm(fn (ProductReview $record) => ['reply' => $record->reply])
                     ->action(function (ProductReview $record, array $data) {
-                        $record->update([
-                            'reply' => $data['reply'],
-                            'replied_at' => Carbon::now(),
-                        ]);
+                        app(ReviewService::class)->reply($record, $data['reply'], auth('staff')->user());
                     }),
                 DeleteAction::make(),
             ])
diff --git a/src/Review/Services/ReviewService.php b/src/Review/Services/ReviewService.php
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..49360c3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/Review/Services/ReviewService.php
@@ -0,0 +1,35 @@
+<?php
+
+namespace Modules\Core\Review\Services;
+
+use Illuminate\Support\Facades\Event;
+use Modules\Core\Auth\Models\Staff;
+use Modules\Core\Review\Events\ReviewReplied;
+use Modules\Core\Review\Models\ProductReview;
+
+/**
+ * The one place a reply is written onto a ProductReview — previously
+ * Modules\Core\Review\Filament\Pages\ManageProductReviews wrote directly
+ * to the record inside its own Action closure, with no Service and no
+ * event dispatched for a real state change (a customer's review getting a
+ * staff reply). Matches the write-then-dispatch shape every other
+ * module's Service already uses (e.g. Modules\Core\Payment\Services\
+ * PaymentMethodService, Modules\Core\Customer\Services\
+ * CustomerAccountService).
+ */
+class ReviewService
+{
+    public function reply(ProductReview $review, string $reply, Staff $repliedBy): ProductReview
+    {
+        $wasReply = $review->replied_at === null;
+
+        $review->update([
+            'reply' => $reply,
+            'replied_at' => now(),
+        ]);
+
+        Event::dispatch(new ReviewReplied($review, $repliedBy, $wasReply));
+
+        return $review;
+    }
+}